1990-1999

Espinosa U. 1990, "La alejandrofilia de Caracala en la antigua historiografia", Neronia IV. Alejandro Magno, modelo de los emperadores romanos, 37-51, Bruxelles.
King A. 1990, Roman Gaul and Germany, Univ. of California.
Tortorici E. 1990, "Porticus Severi", BullCom 93,1, 31-34.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44515518.
Christol M. 1991, "Un fidele de Caracalla: Q. Marcius Dioga", Cahiers Glotz 2, 165-188.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43554097.
Leander Touati A.M. 1991, "Portrait and historical relief. Some remarks on the meaning of Caracalla's sole ruler portrait", Munuscula Romana, 117-131, Stockholm.
Comment: Mennen: Much has been written about Caracalla's gruff expression. For a long time scholars considered this expression as the confirmation of the cruel character of the emperor, as described in the historiographical sources. Assuming the emperor would at least have had to approve of the way he was portrayed, what reason could Caracalla have possibly had to portray himself like a cruel man? During the last decade, scholars have tried to come up with other possible explanations for the frown on Caracalla's face. AAnne-Marie Leander Touati compared the facial expression of Caracalla to the expressions of soldiers at the Trajan frieze on the Arch of Constantine and detected striking iconographical similarities. The faces of the soldiers on this frieze also showed contorted muscles, particularly on the forehead. So even though this tradition cannot be found within the imperial portraiture of the second century, it can be seen within the historical reliefs. Leander Touati deduces from this that Caracalla's portrait was meant to express military virtue, virtus, originating from the artistic tradition within Roman state relief. She suggests that this type is not so much realistic in the sense that the emperor was depicted the way he really looked, but that one should consider it in contrast with the idealism within the Antonine tradition, in which no traces of emotion and age were visible.
Zanker P. 1991, "Collocazione ed effetto nelle Terme di Caracalla", Il Toro Farnese, 43-46, Napoli.
Garbrecht G. - Manderscheid H. 1992, "'Etiam fonte novo antoniniano': l'acquedotto antoniniano alle terme di Caracalla", ArchCl 44, 193-234.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44366077.
Santangeli Valenzani R. 1992, "Osservazioni sul tempio di piazza del Quirinale", BCom 94,1, 8-16.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44479716.
Welwei K.-W. 1992, "Die 'Loewen' Caracallas", Bonner Jahrbuecher 192, 231-239.
Comment: Full text at: https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/bjb/article/view/58971/50650.
Arnaud P. 1994, "A propos d'un pretendu itineraire de Caracalla dans l'Itineraire d'Antonin: les sources tardives de l'itineraire de Rome a Hierasycaminos", Bulletin de la Societe nationale des Antiquaires de France, 374-380.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsnaf_0081-1181_1994_num_1992_1_9761.
Baharal D. 1994, "Caracalla and Alexander the Great: a Reappraisal", Studies in Latin Literature and Roman history, 524-567, Brussels.
Bakker J.Th. 1994, Living and Working with the Gods. Studies of Evidence for Private Religion and its Material Environment in the City of Ostia (100-500 AD), Amsterdam.
Comment: Full text at: http://www.ostia-antica.org/privrel/privrel.htm (Sacello del Silvano).
Hensen A. 1994, "Zu Caracallas Germanica Expeditio. Archaeologisch-topographische Untersuchungen", Fundberichte aus Baden-Wuerttemberg 19,1, 219-254.
Comment: Full text at: https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fbbw/article/view/48275.
Hijmans S.E. 1994, "Castor, Caracalla and the so-called Statue of Sol in the North Carolina Museum of Art", BABesch 69, 165-174.
Comment: Full text at: UnivLib.
Honore T. 1994, Emperors and Lawyers. With a palingenesia of third-century imperial rescripts, 193-305 AD, Oxford.
Kuhlmann P.A. 1994, "Die Giessener literarischen Papyri und die Caracalla Erlasse. Edition, Uebersetzung und Kommentar", Berichte und Arbeiten an der Universitaetsbibliothek und dem Universitaetsarchiv Giessen 46, Giessen.
Comment: Full text at: http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2006/3638/.
Letta C. 1994, "Il 'Naufragio' di Caracalla in Cassio Dione, nell'Historia Augusta e nei commentari degli Arvali", ZPE 103, 188-190.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189190.
Marasco G. 1994, "L'inscription de Takina et la politique sociale de Caracalla", Mnemosyne 47,4, 495-511.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4432401.
Meckler M.L. 1994, Caracalla and his late-antique biographer: a historical commentary on the Vita Caracalli in the Historia Augusta, Univ. of Michigan.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.ostia-antica.org/fulltext/meckler/meckler-1994.pdf.
Bruun Ch. 1995, "Pericula Alexandrina: The Adventures of a Recently Discovered Centurion of the legio II Parthica", Arctos 29, 9-27.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/4765753.
Buraselis K. 1995, "Zu Caracallas Strafmassnahmen in Alexandrie (215/6). Die Frage der Leinenweber in P. Giss. 40 II und der Syssitia in Cass. Dio 77(78).23.3", ZPE 108, 166-188.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189607.
Meckler M.L. 1995, "Two Papyri and Events in the Life of Caracalla", ZPE 105, 257-259.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189282.
Savio A. 1995, "Intorno ai medaglioni talismanici di Tarso e di Abukir", Rivista italiana di Numismatica 96, 73-103.
Alfoeldy G. 1996, "Nox dea fit lux! Caracallas Geburtstag", Historiae Augustae Colloquium Barcinonense, 9-36, Bari.
Baharal D. 1996, "Caracalla and Alexander the Great: a Reappraisal", Victory of propaganda: the dynastic aspect of the imperial propaganda of the Severi, the literary and archaeological evidence AD 193-235, 69-83, Oxford.
Lombardi L. - Corazza A. 1996, Le Terme di Caracalla, Roma.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/6641258.
Marasco G. 1996, "Giulia Domna, Caracalla e Geta: frammenti di tragedia alla corte dei Severi", Antiquite Classique 65, 119-134.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1247.
Moreno Ferrero I. 1996, "De nuevo la vida de Caracala: Algunos problemas formales y estructurales", Historiae Augustae Colloquium Barcinonense, 253-277, Bari.
Nolle J. 1996, "Die Krankheit des Kaisers Caracalla", Muenzenrevue 28, 26-33.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/8335819.
Delaine J. 1997, The Baths of Caracalla. A Study in the Design, Construction, and Economics of Large-scale Building Projects in Imperial Rome, Portsmouth.
Sgandurra I. 1997, "Un'epigrafe di Caracalla in territorio vestino", Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 55,1, 123-126.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20547381.
Bernand E. 1998, "Les documents epigraphiques et Caracalla en Egypte", Alexandrie, les quartiers royaux submerges, 143-152, Londres.
Favuzzi A. 1998, "Ancora su Caracalla e i syssitia degli Alessandrini", ZPE 121, 251-256.
Comment: Full text at: http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1998/121pdf/121251.pdf.
Jewell K. 1998, "Sexual Commerce and Culture: Pier Paolo Pasolini's Caracalla Poems", Italica 75,2, 192-209.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/35893178.
Lukaszewicz A. 1998, Antoninus Philosarapis. Observations on Caracalla's Visit to the Sarapeum of Alexandria (AD 215-216), Warszawa.
Marcellesi M.-C. 1998, "A propos d'une monnaie de Caracalla trouvee a Thasos: le monnayage de Pergame et la troisieme neocorie de la cite", Bulletin de la Societe Francaise de Numismatique 53,4, 51-60.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/8122003.
Montevecchi O. 1998, "Note sull'applicazione della Constitutio Antoniniana in Egitto", Scripta selecta, 355-369, Milano.
Piso I. 1998, "Inschriften von Prokuratoren aus Sarmizegetusa (II)", ZPE 120, 253-271.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/30552749.
Scheid J. 1998, "Le protocol arvale de l'annee 213 et l'arrivee de Caracalla a Nicomedie", Epigrafia romana in area adriatica, 439-451, Pisa-Rome-Macerata.
Weisser B. 1998, "Roma mit dem Palladion. Caracalla als 'Restitutor Urbis' von Byzantion", Stephanos nomismatikos. Edith Schoenert-Geiss zum 65. Geburtstag, 649-659, Berlin.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/378989.
Baetjer K. - Draper J.D. (eds.) 1999, 'Only the best'. Masterpieces of the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon, 18-19, New York.
Comment: Full text at: https://books.google.nl/books?id=MkyoeRzsQkEC.
Bakker J.Th. - Van Dalen J.H. - Heres Th.L. - Meijlink B. - Sirks A.J.B. (J.Th. Bakker ed.) 1999, The Mills-Bakeries of Ostia. Description and Interpretation, Amsterdam.
Comment: Full text at: http://www.ostia-antica.org/dict/topics/bakeries/bakeries.htm (Sacello del Silvano).
Birley A.R. 1999, Septimius Severus: The African Emperor, London.
Comment: Full text at: UnivLib; epdf.pub.
Boteva D. 1999, "Following in Alexander's Footsteps: The Case of Caracalla", Ancient Macedonia, sixth international symposium 1, 181-188, Thessaloniki.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/444901.
Buraselis K. 1999, "Eine Notiz zu Augustus, Caracalla und den syssitia in Cassius Dio 54.2.3 und 77(78).23.3", ZPE 124, 300.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20190363.
Cecamore C. 1999, "Faustinae aedemque decernerent (SHA, Marcus, 26). Les fragments 69-70 de la Forma Urbis et la premiere dedicace du temple de la Vigna Barberini", MEFRA 111,1, 311-349.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1999_num_111_1_2080.
De Callatay F. 1999, "Athena pour Alexandre, Pegase pour Bucephale: les aventures metalliques d'Alexandre le Grand a la Renaissance", Antike Kunst 42, 99-112.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/337869.
Fagan G.G. 1999, "Gifts of gymnasia: A Test Case for Reading Quasi-Technical Jargon in Latin Inscriptions", ZPE 124, 263-275.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20190358.
Marc J.-Y. 1999, "Der sogenannte Caracalla-Bogen in Thasos und die Funktion Monumentaler Boegen in den griechischen Staedten der roemischen Kaiserzeit", 100 Jahre oesterreichische Forschungen in Ephesos, 707-711, Wien.
Comment: Full text at: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00009877/document.
Meckler M.L. 1999, "Caracalla the intellectual", Gli imperatori Severi: storia, archeologia, religione, 39-46, Roma.
Papaefthymiou E. 1999, "Une piece inedite de Caracalla emise par l'atelier monetaire d'Edessa de Macedoine", Cahiers Glotz 10, 331-346.
Comment: Full text at: https://www.academia.edu/12178290.