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Silvanus

Silvanus is documented in two inscriptions. The first was found in 1865. The inscription is on a marble altar with a patera and a vessel on the sides. It was set up by Titus Flavius Primigenius, a freedman of a Flavian Emperor, so that the inscription can be dated to the years 69-130 AD. Primigenius was responsible for certain archives.

SILVANO SAC(rum)
T(itus) FLAVIVS
AVG(usti) LIB(ertus)
PRIMIGENIVS
TABVLARIVS
ADIVTOR
Dedicated to Silvanus.
Titus Flavius,
Imperial freedman,
Primigenius,
assistant keeper
of archives.
Marble altar for Silvanus. Rome, Villa Albani.
Lanciani 1868, 192. EDR149984.

The second inscription is on a travertine slab. It was found on Monte Giulio, at the back of the basin of Claudius. Publius Luscius Vergilianus donated something to Silvanus, because he was grateful as contractor of bird hunting, so having acquired the right to hunt birds in an unknown area near Portus.

SILVANO SANC[to]
P(ublius) LVSCIVS BERGILI
ANVS SACERDOS
DEI LIBERIS PATRIS
BONADIENSIVM
SILBANO SANCTO
CVI MAGNAS GRATIAS A
GO CONDVCTOR AVCVPIORVM
To sacred Silvanus.
Publius Luscius Vergilianus,
priest
of the god Liber Pater
of the Bonadienses.
To sacred Silvanus,
whom I thank very much,
as contractor of bird hunting.
Travertine slab. Porto, casa dei Torlonia.
W. 0.32, h. 0.34. Carcopino 1909, 342-350. EDR106250.

Bird hunting is discussed in Roman law a few times:

Aucupiorum quoque et venationum reditum Cassius ait libro octavo iuris civilis ad fructuarium pertinere: ergo et piscationum.

Divus Pius aucupibus ita rescripsit: non habet rationem vos in alienis locis invitis dominis aucupari.

Et si ab aucupio reditus fuit, aucupes et plagae et huius rei instrumentum agri instrumento continebitur: nec mirum, cum et aves instrumento exemplo apium contineri Sabinus et Cassius putaverunt.

Et quidem mare commune omnium est et litora, sicuti aer, et est saepissime rescriptum non posse quem piscari prohiberi: sed nec aucupari, nisi quod ingredi quis agrum alienum prohiberi potest.
Cassius states in the eighth book of his Civil Law that proceeds derived from fowling and hunting belong to the usufructuary; consequently, those from fishing do so as well.

The deified Pius declared in a rescript to bird catchers that it was not reasonable for them to go fowling on other people's land without the permission of the landowner.

And if there has been income from fowling, fowlers, nets, and the instrumentum of this activity will be included in the instrumentum of the land; nor is it surprising, since Sabinus and Cassius thought that birds were included in the instrumenturn by analogy with bees.

It has been frequently stated in rescripts that the sea and its shores, as also the air, being common to all, no one can be prohibited from fishing; no more can a person be from fowling, unless it be a case where he can be barred from entering another's land.
Digesta 7.1.9.5, 8.3.16, 33.7.12.13, 47.10.13.7. Translation: Alan Watson.


[jthb - 17-May-2023]